The colour of urine can be pink, dark red, or cola if there are enough red blood cells present.

Microscopic hematuria-

In this the urine looks normal when seen by naled wye but there is small amount of red blood cells are present but these red cells are not enough for colour change

Causes of hematuria-

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)- UTIs can make urine look red, pink or brown due to bleeding. Pain and burning while urination

 Kidney infection -

 Kidney infections can be due to entry of bacteria from blood. It can also occur when bacteria passes to the kidney from the ureter.Kidney infections can produce similar symptoms.

Bladder and kidney stones- the mineral present in urine form crystal leading to stone formation.

Kidney stones can cause bleeding in urine.

Enlarged prostate-The infection of prostate gland can lead to bleeding in urine.also it grow bigger in size reaching middle this can cause partial blockage of urine.

kidney disease- in glomerulonephritis, blood in urine is a very common symptom.

 Cancer - advanced kidney cancer, prostate cancer can lead to hematuria.

Kidney injury - accidental injury or sports injury can also lead to hematuria .

Risk factors-

Age- Middle-aged and older men possess more risk to have hematuria

 Family history.

Positive family history. Certain medicines

.Hard exercise.

Pink red brown colour of urine

Blood clot

 Back pain

 Pain during urination

Diagnosis of hematuria-

Urinalysis- to check urine samples.

 Blood test Computed tomography (CT)

Cytoscopy

Kidney biopsy

 Magnetic resonance imaging

Ultrasound

Treatment-

Cause- is the main feature on which treatment depends.

If bacteria is the underlying cause then we give antibiotics that are responsible for hematuria.

Large kidney stones cause painful hematuria If it is not treated properly.

Proper medicines and frequent water intake can help in this condition.

People who do exercise regularly will lead to easy treatment of hematuria.

Drug related hematuria can improve if medicines are stopped.

In severe trauma case , the surgery is necessary.

If it’s underlying cause is cancer the treatment includes - chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy and radiotherapy.

Bleeding disorders- Hematuria caused by some type of bleeding disorders like haemophilia are treated by transfusion of missing factor or infusion of clotting factors and fresh frozen plasma .